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    <title>Nature Reviews Genetics on 都德的博客</title>
    <link>https://dude.cryomint.com/tags/nature-reviews-genetics/</link>
    <description>Recent content in Nature Reviews Genetics on 都德的博客</description>
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    <lastBuildDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 07:30:00 +0800</lastBuildDate>
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      <title>长读长测序时代的DNA甲基化计算分析（2025 Nature Reviews Genetics综述）</title>
      <link>https://dude.cryomint.com/posts/2026-02-17-dna-methylation-long-read-sequencing/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 07:30:00 +0800</pubDate>
      <guid>https://dude.cryomint.com/posts/2026-02-17-dna-methylation-long-read-sequencing/</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;概述&#34;&gt;概述&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DNA甲基化（主要是CpG位点的5mC）是关键的表观遗传修饰，在基因调控、基因组印记、X染色体失活、转座子沉默等过程中发挥核心作用。传统的短读长亚硫酸氢盐测序（BS-seq）虽然能高精度检测甲基化，但读长短（通常&amp;lt;300bp），无法解决&lt;strong&gt;重复序列区域、单倍型特异性甲基化、结构变异与甲基化的关联&lt;/strong&gt;等问题。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;长读长测序技术（PacBio HiFi、Oxford Nanopore）的兴起，结合不依赖亚硫酸氢盐的甲基化检测方法，正在彻底改变这一领域。这篇&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-025-00822-5&#34;&gt;Fu、Timp与Sedlazeck（2025，&lt;em&gt;Nature Reviews Genetics&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/a&gt;的综述，系统性总结了长读长测序在DNA甲基化研究中的技术进展、计算方法、应用场景与未来方向。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;一长读长甲基化检测技术&#34;&gt;一、长读长甲基化检测技术&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;1-两大技术平台的原理&#34;&gt;1. 两大技术平台的原理&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&#34;oxford-nanopore纳米孔&#34;&gt;Oxford Nanopore（纳米孔）&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;原理&lt;/strong&gt;：DNA分子通过纳米孔时，不同碱基（包括甲基化修饰的碱基）会产生不同的电流信号，通过机器学习模型从电流信号中直接推断甲基化状态&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;优势&lt;/strong&gt;：
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;读长极长（可达Mb级别），适合跨越重复序列和大型SV&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;直接测序，无需PCR扩增，保留原始修饰信息&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;实时测序，可快速获得结果&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;常用工具&lt;/strong&gt;：
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Guppy、Dorado（ONT官方碱基与修饰识别）&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Megalodon（旧版本，已被Dorado替代）&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Remora（高性能修饰识别模型）&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DeepSignal、DeepMod、Nanopolish等第三方工具&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&#34;pacbio-hifismrt测序&#34;&gt;PacBio HiFi（SMRT测序）&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;原理&lt;/strong&gt;：通过测序过程中聚合酶的动力学特征（脉冲宽度、脉冲间隔等）来推断甲基化状态&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;优势&lt;/strong&gt;：
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;高准确度（HiFi读长准确度&amp;gt;99.9%），适合同时检测遗传变异与甲基化&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;读长适中（10-25kb），平衡了覆盖度与连续性&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;常用工具&lt;/strong&gt;：
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pb-CpG-tools（PacBio官方工具）&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Primrose、DeepCpG等&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;2-与传统方法的对比&#34;&gt;2. 与传统方法的对比&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
  &lt;thead&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;特性&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;短读长BS-seq&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;Nanopore甲基化&lt;/th&gt;
          &lt;th&gt;PacBio HiFi甲基化&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;读长&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;300bp&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;kb-Mb级&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;10-25kb&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;单倍型解析能力&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;差（需借助基因型）&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;优（直接通过长读长）&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;优（HiFi准确度高）&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;重复序列区域覆盖&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;差&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;优&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;中-优&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;成本&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;低&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;中-高&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;高&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
      &lt;tr&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;计算资源需求&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;低&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;中-高&lt;/td&gt;
          &lt;td&gt;中&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;二计算分析流程与工具&#34;&gt;二、计算分析流程与工具&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;1-基础流程从原始信号到甲基化位点&#34;&gt;1. 基础流程：从原始信号到甲基化位点&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&#34;纳米孔数据处理&#34;&gt;纳米孔数据处理&lt;/h4&gt;



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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;8&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;始&lt;/text&gt;
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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;80&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;→&lt;/text&gt;
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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;200&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;基&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;208&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;识&lt;/text&gt;
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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;272&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;→&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;288&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;甲&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;296&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;基&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;304&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;化&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;312&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;调&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;320&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;用&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;328&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;（&lt;/text&gt;
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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;424&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;）&lt;/text&gt;
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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;456&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;质&lt;/text&gt;
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&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;关键步骤&lt;/strong&gt;：
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;修饰检测&lt;/strong&gt;：使用针对5mC（CpG）训练的模型，ONT提供多种预训练模型&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;格式转换&lt;/strong&gt;：从ModBAM到bedMethyl、bigWig等常用格式&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;归一化&lt;/strong&gt;：处理不同测序运行间的批次效应&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&#34;pacbio-hifi数据处理&#34;&gt;PacBio HiFi数据处理&lt;/h4&gt;



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&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;72&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;s&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;88&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;→&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;104&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;p&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;112&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;b&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;120&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;-&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;128&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;C&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;136&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;p&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;144&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;G&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;152&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;-&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;160&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;t&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;168&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;o&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;176&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;o&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;184&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;l&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;192&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;s&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;200&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;甲&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;208&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;基&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;216&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;化&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;224&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;检&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;232&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;测&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;248&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;→&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;264&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;与&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;272&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;基&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;280&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;因&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;288&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;组&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;296&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;比&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;304&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;对&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;320&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;→&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;336&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;甲&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;344&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;基&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;352&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;化&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;360&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;水&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;368&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;平&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;376&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;定&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;text text-anchor=&#39;middle&#39; x=&#39;384&#39; y=&#39;4&#39; fill=&#39;currentColor&#39; style=&#39;font-size:1em&#39;&gt;量&lt;/text&gt;
&lt;/g&gt;

    &lt;/svg&gt;
  
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;2-单倍型特异性甲基化haplotype-specific-methylation&#34;&gt;2. 单倍型特异性甲基化（Haplotype-specific methylation）&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;长读长的核心优势之一是可以直接将甲基化状态与单倍型关联，无需复杂的基因型推断。&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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